TRT Benefits | The A-Z Guide

Do you wonder if TRT is as effective as people claim, and if so, what kind of benefits you can expect from this breakthrough medical treatment?

Then you’ve come to the right place.

In this comprehensive guide we teach you EVERYTHING you need to know about testosterone therapy, including how it can completely transform your physical and mental health, and give you the energy levels of a 20-year-old man!

We also answer your most important TRT questions, including: 

• Is testosterone therapy legal?

• How do I get started on testosterone therapy?

• What’s the difference between in-person and online TRT clinics?

…And much more! 

Our team of experts at Testosterone.org has analyzed all of the latest scientific studies on testosterone therapy to give you up-to-date answers on what people are actually experiencing while on TRT.

We even cover real-world feedback from men just like you who are just beginning their TRT journey…

Now let’s get started!

P.S: Looking to get started with TRT asap? Click here.

What Is Testosterone Replacement Therapy?

Testosterone therapy is the ultimate solution for men suffering from signs and symptoms of low T, or low testosterone levels. 

Research shows that testosterone therapy virtually eliminates men’s symptoms of low T, including:

• Low energy

• Reduced sex drive

• Depression

• Weight gain

• Reduced motivation

How is this possible?

The basic premise behind testosterone therapy is you take a prescription testosterone medication. This raises your total testosterone levels to above-average levels, thus giving you all the benefits of an optimized hormonal profile. 

But before we talk more about TRT and its benefits, let’s quickly cover what testosterone is, and why it’s so important for men’s health.

What Is Testosterone?

Testosterone is probably the most important hormone in the male body. Men produce huge amounts of testosterone in their testes, and it plays a vital role in their growth and development. 

Research shows that men with high testosterone levels experience the following benefits over their low T counterparts:

1 sentence benefits

• Increased Muscle Mass

• Reduced Belly Fat Levels

• Superior Energy Levels

• Improved Sexual Performance

• Elevated Mood / Cognition

In fact, testosterone has a positive impact on almost every area of your overall life! 

Why Do Men Have Low Testosterone?

Men today aren’t what they used to be… the truth is today’s generation of men is suffering from rapidly declining testosterone levels! 

Research shows that men’s testosterone levels are declining by roughly 1% per year, and this trend shows no signs of slowing down anytime soon [1]. 

And we aren’t just talking about older men losing some of their testosterone as they age – that would be a relatively normal occurrence.

Instead, we’re talking about men of ALL ages having less testosterone today than similar aged men from 10-50 years ago [2-4]. This trend is alarming, to say the least! 

After all, men with low testosterone levels are more susceptible to all kinds of chronic diseases and illnesses [5-6].

What Are Normal Testosterone Levels In Men?

So what are normal testosterone levels in men, anyway? The truth is the only way to actually measure your testosterone levels is with a blood test. 

In the past the normal reference range for men’s testosterone levels was considered 300 – 1,200 ng / dl, or nanograms per deciliter [7-8]. However, men’s testosterone levels have been dropping so fast that researchers have revised these numbers down to 250 – 800 ng / dl [9-10]! 

This is alarming, to say the least. 

Many men experience signs and symptoms of low T when their testosterone levels are in the 300 – 500 ng / dl range, but most doctors consider this a “normal” result today [11]. 

If you think you are suffering from signs of low T, then testosterone therapy is the most reliable way to eliminate your symptoms. 

TRT also has a TON of benefits that you need to know about…

Testosterone Therapy Benefits

Testosterone replacement therapy is considered the “gold standard” treatment option for men with low testosterone levels. 

Of course, TRT does more than just eliminate men’s symptoms of low T – it also comes with countless benefits that you MUST know about! 

The latest research studies show that TRT has the following benefits for men [12-16]:

• Improved body composition

• Faster recovery from workouts

• Superior sexual performance

• Improved heart health

• Decreased stress and anxiety

• More restful sleep

• Improved mental health

• Superior energy levels

• Increased motivation and drive

• Improved cardiovascular health

Let’s take a closer look at each of these benefits.

1. Improved Body Composition

The first thing that most men notice when they start their TRT protocol is a dramatic improvement in their overall body composition. By this, we mean they lose several pounds of body fat and gain several pounds of muscle mass in just the first few weeks!

 Keep in mind, this is without any changes in their diet or workout routine. Yes, TRT is that powerful for transforming your physique!

2. Faster Recovery From Workouts

You will also notice a dramatic improvement in your recovery time from your most intense workouts. This is great news for weightlifters and other athletes who want to get the most out of their workouts. 

No more lounging around for hours after your most intense workouts… you can go all-out, and then immediately be ready to tackle the rest of your day!

3. Superior Sexual Performance

If a man says he doesn’t care about his sexual performance, he’s probably lying to himself… all joking aside, this is one of the most common benefits that men report while on TRT. 

We’re talking stronger erections, better sensation, increased sex drive – you name it! Of course, men on TRT aren’t the only ones noticing this change. 

Their girlfriends and wives are often the first ones to comment…

Leaving many men to wonder: Can low testosterone cause ED?

4. Improved Heart Health

This may surprise you, but TRT has a powerful impact on your overall cardiovascular and heart health.

Research shows that men with optimal testosterone levels are at reduced risk for heart disease, atherosclerosis, and a whole host of other issues. 

As they say, there’s nothing healthy about having low T… if you want to prevent chronic illnesses in the future, then getting on TRT may be a smart move.

5. Decreased Stress And Anxiety

You may not be suffering from stress or anxiety right now, but you’ll be shocked at how good you feel once you get on TRT. 

Most men report their stress levels plummet after starting testosterone therapy – even if they were relatively relaxed people before. You see, testosterone regulates how your body reacts to different events. 

If you have high testosterone, then you will naturally be more relaxed in the face of adversity, and better able to handle the situation.

6. More Restful Sleep

This is perhaps one of the most underrated benefits of getting on TRT… men who start testosterone replacement therapy almost immediately report a dramatic improvement in the quality of their sleep. 

They wake up more energized, and without that groggy feeling that you sometimes get when you stay up too late. 

Researchers are still uncovering the secrets of why testosterone improves men’s sleep so dramatically. Rest assured, you can expect some incredible sleep once you get started on TRT.

7. Improved Mental Health

This may shock you, but testosterone therapy has the potential to eliminate symptoms of depression almost overnight! 

Even if you are not currently suffering from depression, you will be shocked at how much your mental health improves after starting TRT. 

You will have the confidence and inner drive to go after your goals, no matter how lofty they are!

8. Superior Energy Levels

I want you to imagine the typical man on TRT… in commercials he’s often the 60 year old man running on the beach with a smile on his face, and a beautiful woman on his side. 

And of course, this older man has an unbelievable amount of energy!

This isn’t just fancy marketing, though – research shows that men on TRT really do have superior energy levels to their low T counterparts. 

You can expect to notice this change within just the first couple of weeks on your new TRT protocol.

9. Increased Motivation And Drive

There’s a reason famous celebrities and CEOs like Jeff Bezos all get on TRT eventually. 

If you want to be as motivated and driven as possible, then optimizing your testosterone levels as a man is an absolute must. Jeff Bezos says he noticed an immediate difference in his motivation after getting TRT, and he’s not alone! 

Millions of men on TRT have all said the same thing: they are more motivated and driven than ever after finally getting on testosterone therapy.

10. Improved Cardiovascular Health

Did you know that testosterone therapy can dramatically improve your heart health, and decrease your risk for all kinds of chronic diseases? It’s true! 

The latest studies show that testosterone therapy has a protective effect on your heart. You still need to monitor for high blood pressure and other side effects while on TRT (more on this below). 

However, overall testosterone therapy is a great way to improve your overall heart health.

Testosterone Therapy Side Effects

What side effects does testosterone therapy have? This is a great question!

The truth is testosterone therapy is the safest and most effective treatment in the world for men with low testosterone. 

Decades of peer-reviewed research shows the vast majority of men never experience any side effects while on TRT [17-19]. And when they do, they are extremely mild and are easily resolved by updating your TRT protocol. 

Of course, TRT is not for everyone. 

If you have any of the following pre-existing conditions, then you may not be a good candidate for testosterone therapy:

• Prostate cancer 

• Male breast cancer

• Sleep apnea

• Urinary tract symptoms 

• Myocardial infarction

• Congestive heart failure 

• High red blood cell count

• Other cardiovascular issues

• Men planning fertility

While TRT is perfectly safe, if you have one of these conditions then it has the potential to make it worse. 

Don’t worry – your online TRT doctor will be able to identify if you have any of these conditions, and help you resolve them prior to initiating your program. 

TRT Short Term Side Effects

Research shows that TRT has the following short-term side effects:

• Shrinkage of the testicles

• Increased aggression and irritability

• Swelling or tenderness of breasts

• Acne or oily skin

• Swelling of the ankles (fluid retention)

• Difficulty with urination

• High blood cell counts

• Hair loss

• Mood swings

• Skin irritation

Fortunately most of these side effects are extremely rare. 

In fact, the vast majority of men never experience any of these side effects, other than skin irritation or temporary pain at their injection site (and even this can be avoided by using a prescription testosterone cream).

TRT Long Term Side Effects

The following are some of the long-term side effects associated with TRT:

• Cardiovascular disease

• Strokes and heart attacks

• Polycythemia

• Worsening of urinary symptoms

• Prostate cancer

• Lowered HDL

• Low sperm count

• Reduced fertility

Again, we must stress that these side effects are relatively rare. 

If you do experience high blood pressure, polycythemia, low sperm count, or any other effects on this list, then your TRT doctor will be able to adjust your program to keep you healthy.

How To Get Started On Testosterone Therapy

You may be wondering how to actually get started with testosterone replacement therapy. Is it as complicated as everyone makes it out to be? 

Don’t worry – getting started with TRT is extremely easy. All you have to do is follow the following 5 steps:

1. Contact An Online TRT Clinic, And Fill Out Their Questionnaire

The first and most important step for getting started with TRT is to contact an online TRT clinic, and fill out their free low T questionnaire. 

This survey will give your TRT doctor more information about you as an individual, including your goals and the low T symptoms that you are currently suffering from. 

From there, your doctor will schedule a free consultation with you where you can ask any questions that you may have about TRT.

2. Talk To Your Doctor About Your Signs And Symptoms Of Low T

If you are working with an online TRT clinic like Fountain TRT, then your online TRT doctor will schedule an appointment with you using Zoom and other telehealth technologies. This allows you to talk to your doctor from the comfort of your own home! 

During the consultation you will have a chance to talk about the symptoms you are experiencing, including:

• Reduced muscle mass

• Increased body fat levels

• Low energy and “drive”

• Impaired sexual performance

…And more. This is also a great time to ask any questions you may have about TRT, including what kinds of results other patients are currently experiencing from testosterone therapy.

3. Perform A Comprehensive Blood Test At A Partnered Lab Facility

If your online TRT doctor agrees that you may be suffering from low testosterone levels, then he will help you schedule an appointment with a local lab facility to have your bloodwork taken. 

Getting your bloodwork tested is extremely important, as it’s the only real way to measure your blood testosterone levels. 

Here are some of the tests that your TRT doctor may be checking:

• Total testosterone

• Free testosterone

• Estradiol

• Complete blood count

• Vitamin D

• Hematocrit

• Thyroid function

Of course, your total testosterone levels is the primary thing your online TRT doctor is checking. 

If this test confirms that you have low testosterone levels, then you may be an excellent candidate for testosterone replacement therapy. 

4. Talk To Your Doctor About The Results Of Your Blood Test

After you complete your blood test, your doctor will carefully review the results and schedule a time to go over them with you. 

Here is a recap on normal testosterone levels in men:

• Optimal: 800 – 1,200 ng / dl

• Average: 300 – 800 ng / dl

• Low: <300 ng / dl

If your total testosterone levels are in the 800 – 1,200 ng / dl range (or even as high as 300 – 800 ng / dl), then you may be an excellent candidate for TRT. 

From there, your TRT doctor will get to work on creating your customized TRT protocol!

5. Start Using Your New Prescription Testosterone Medication

The last step is to start using your prescription testosterone medication! 

Your online TRT doctor will ship the medication directly to your own home, and give you detailed instructions on how to use it. Most patients start to see a dramatic improvement in how they look and feel after just a few short weeks!

Online TRT Clinics Vs In-Person Clinics

Online TRT clinics are slowly replacing traditional in-person TRT clinics as the go-to way for men to get started on testosterone therapy. 

But what are online TRT clinics, and why are they such a great option in the 2020’s? 

The truth is online TRT clinics first came about in the year 2020 with the onset of the pandemic. People were afraid to go to their local men’s health clinic (and rightly so!), but this created a dilemma: how were people supposed to get started on testosterone therapy if they couldn’t see their doctor? 

Fortunately, a solution emerged: online TRT clinics! 

With an online TRT clinic, you have the opportunity to talk to your doctor from the comfort of your own home. This is possible thanks to Zoom and other telehealth technologies. 

Rather than driving an hour and visiting your local men’s health clinic, you can talk to your TRT doctor online and get started on testosterone therapy extremely quickly. 

Here are some of the advantages of online TRT clinics over traditional in-person ones:

• Can talk to your doctor from the comfort of your own home

• Significantly less expensive than traditional in-person clinics

• Employ some of the most experienced TRT doctors in the United States

• Extremely easy to navigate online portals / websites

• Streamlined process to get you started on TRT as quickly as possible

The bottom line is online TRT clinics save you time AND money over traditional in-person clinics. And because your doctor can work remotely, online TRT clinics can employ some of the most experienced and qualified TRT doctors in the country! 

With a reputable online TRT clinic, you can expect some of the highest quality care available anywhere in the United States.

It’s no wonder thousands of men have switched to online TRT clinics as their preferred way to get started on TRT!

Best Online TRT Clinics

You may be wondering what the best online TRT clinic is. Are they all created equal, or is there one online TRT clinic that outshines the rest? 

Don’t worry – we’ve got you covered.

Our team has researched and tested dozens of online TRT clinics to give you the definitive answer to this question. And after weeks of testing, our verdict is clear: Fountain TRT is the #1 online TRT provider in the United States! 

This isn’t just our opinion, though – dozens of verified patients have left 5-star reviews for Fountain TRT, showing that they truly are the best in the business. 

Here are some of the things that we like about Fountain TRT:

• The most experienced and skilled online TRT doctors in the business

• Streamlined process to help you get started on TRT as fast as possible

• Unbeatable customer service and support, even after you get fully onboarded

Fountain TRT was designed from the ground up to get you started on testosterone therapy as quickly and easily as possible.

That doesn’t mean they cut corners, though! 

On the contrary, they have employed some of the most experienced and qualified online TRT doctors in the United States. They can do this because they don’t have to waste money keeping physical in-person clinics open around the country. 

Instead, they took those cost savings and invested in some of the best doctors in the country to make sure you are getting the highest quality care possible. 

Best of all, Fountain TRT makes it as easy as possible for you to actually get started on TRT. All you have to do is use the following three steps:

• Fill out their online questionnaire, and talk to your TRT doctor about your low T symptoms

• Perform a comprehensive blood test, and go over the results with your doctor

• Begin using your prescription testosterone medication as directed by your TRT doctor!

Getting started on TRT really is that easy! 

If you are ready to fill out Fountain TRT’s free low T questionnaire and completely transform your life, then all you have to do is click here.

Testosterone Injections Vs Creams

There is a lot of confusion on the internet about the different types of testosterone medications. What’s better – testosterone injections, creams, patches, or gels? 

The truth is testosterone injections and creams are the 2 best types of testosterone medications available today. 

They both have their own advantages and disadvantages, so it’s important to understand their pros and cons before deciding which one is right for you.

1. Injectable Testosterone

Testosterone injections have been used for decades, and for one simple reason: they work! 

Research shows that testosterone injections are incredibly effective at raising men’s testosterone levels into the desired 800 – 1,200 ng / dl range. All you have to do is inject a ethylated form of testosterone (such as testosterone cypionate or enanthate) 1-3 times per week. 

That’s it! 

Most men get their best results injecting anywhere from 100 – 200 mg of testosterone per week. Here are some general dosing guidelines:

• High Dose: 200 mg per week

• Moderate Dose: 150 mg per week

• Conservative Dose: 100 mg per week

150 mg of testosterone per week is an excellent starting point for most men, but your online TRT doctor will customize your dose based on your goals and unique biochemistry. 

Testosterone injections have a lot of advantages: they are extremely effective for optimizing your testosterone levels, they are very inexpensive, they have relatively few side effects, and they only have to be performed 1-3 times per week. 

The main disadvantage is some men simply do not like performing injections.

Also, some men experience estrogenic side effects unless they are injecting at least 2-3 times per week. If you are looking for an alternative to traditional testosterone injections, than testosterone creams are your best bet. 

2. Topical (Transdermal) Testosterone

Testosterone creams are a relatively new option that is taking the TRT world by storm. 

The latest research studies show they are extremely effective at raising men’s testosterone levels for TRT purposes. They also have even fewer side effects than traditional testosterone injections, and are completely painless. 

Transdermal testosterone medications come in two varieties:

• Testosterone creams

• Testosterone gels

Testosterone gels were used a lot in the past, but most TRT doctors find them inferior to the newer testosterone creams. 

So what are the drawbacks of using a testosterone cream? There are two:

• You have to apply the cream 1-2 times per day

• They are more expensive than testosterone injections

Testosterone creams have a very short half-life in the body, which means they must be applied 1-2 times per day to keep your blood testosterone levels steady. 

They are also noticeably more expensive than testosterone injections. 

If you don’t mind paying a little more and you’re ok with applying the cream on a daily basis, then testosterone creams are a fantastic option!

How Much Testosterone Should I Take?

Many people are confused about how much testosterone they should take on a weekly basis. This makes sense, as there are a LOT of conflicting reports on the internet about optimal dosing guidelines for testosterone therapy. 

Let’s start by talking about dosing guidelines for testosterone injections, followed by those for traditional testosterone creams. 

Dosing Guidelines For Testosterone Injections

The latest research studies show that men using testosterone injections for TRT should take about 100 – 150 mg of testosterone per week [20]. 

This is a perfect “starter” dose that will allow you to experience all the benefits of an optimized hormonal profile, while minimizing any potential side effects. 

Some men may need to take as much as 200 mg of testosterone per week to really get their testosterone levels to the high end of the healthy, normal range. 

However, using more than 200 mg of testosterone per week is NOT recommended, as this qualifies as a “mild steroid cycle” and may increase your risk for unpleasant side effects [21, 22].

Dosing Guidelines For Testosterone Creams

It’s difficult to give a general answer on dosing guidelines for the newer testosterone creams, as each TRT company uses a slightly different formula. However, most people will get excellent results using 1-2 “pumps” of their cream 1-2 times per day. 

Using the cream twice per day is generally recommended, as this will keep your blood testosterone levels more stable and reduce the risk for unpleasant side effects. 

As always, we recommend following the recommendations of your online TRT doctor, as they will tell you exactly how much testosterone to take each week on your customized TRT protocol.

How Expensive Is TRT?

Testosterone replacement therapy is one of the more affordable men’s health medical treatments available today. 

Most online TRT clinics charge $200 – $300 per month for a comprehensive TRT program. 

This includes running your bloodwork, setting up your customized TRT treatment plan, shipping you your prescription testosterone medication, and performing routine health checkups every 3-6 months to keep you healthy. 

Some online TRT clinics charge as little as $99 per month, meaning almost any man can afford TRT! Here are some strategies you can use to save even more money:

• Work with an online TRT provider, rather than traditional in-person TRT clinics

• Use testosterone injections (as they tend to cost less than the alternatives)

• See if your insurance provider will reimburse for testosterone therapy services

At the end of the day, testosterone therapy doesn’t have to break the bank. 

If you can afford a low monthly payment of $99 per month, then you can easily afford to get started on TRT!

Does Insurance Cover TRT?

You may be wondering if TRT is covered by your health insurance provider. The good news is most online TRT clinics DO accept insurance! 

If you have a plan with any of the major health insurance providers in the United States, including:

• Aetna

• United Health

• Anthem 

• Cigna

• Humana

Then you should be covered! 

In our experience, most online TRT clinics like Fountain TRT are more likely to accept health insurance than traditional in-person TRT clinics, so we definitely recommend working with them. 

Of course, not every health insurance provider like Aetna, United Health, Anthem and so on will reimburse for TRT services. 

We strongly recommend following up with your specific insurance provider to make sure TRT services are covered under your plan!

TRT Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about testosterone therapy:

What Does TRT Do To Your Body?

Testosterone replacement therapy is designed to do one thing: give you the total testosterone levels of a healthy, 20 year-old man. 

By optimizing your body’s testosterone levels, you can enjoy all of the benefits that testosterone has to offer men including increased sex drive, improved confidence, improved body composition, and more.

How Much Does TRT Cost?

Testosterone therapy generally costs about $200 – $300 per month. 

Of course, this depends on many factors including which online TRT provider you work with, whether you use testosterone injections or creams, and so on.

Does Insurance Cover TRT?

This is a very difficult question to answer. Most online TRT providers DO accept all of the major health insurance providers. 

However, not all health insurance plans actually reimburse for TRT services. You have to check with your own insurance company to see if they will reimburse for testosterone therapy!

Is Testosterone Replacement Therapy Safe?

Yes – testosterone therapy is perfectly safe. Millions of men have used TRT for decades with very few, if any, side effects. 

Of course, we still recommend working with an experienced online TRT doctor to reduce the risk of anything bad happening.

Once You Start Testosterone Therapy Can You Stop?

You are allowed to discontinue testosterone therapy anytime you want. However, if you do stop taking your testosterone medication then your testosterone production will return to its previous (low) level. 

Most men are so impressed by their results on testosterone therapy that they never want to go back!

Will I Be Able To Have Kids If I Go On TRT?

Men are more than able to have kids while on testosterone replacement therapy. One of my friends is on TRT and is expecting his second child in the next few months! 

If you are worried about your fertility while on TRT, then you may want to talk to your doctor about HCG and other fertility-preserving medications.

Is It Legal To Buy Testosterone Online?

Yes, it is 100% legal to buy testosterone online – provided you have a legit doctor’s prescription for it! 

If you don’t, then buying testosterone online may be illegal, and you could be looking at heavy fines or even jail time!

Verdict | Testosterone Therapy Benefits

So what’s the verdict… what kind of benefits does TRT have?

The truth is testosterone therapy is one of the most powerful medical treatments in the world today. Men on TRT experience a wide range of benefits including increased energy levels, improved body composition, superior sexual performance, and increased attention from women. 

If you want to get the most out of testosterone therapy, then we strongly recommend working with an experienced online TRT provider like Fountain TRT. 

They have dozens of 5-star reviews on their website, proving that they really do produce superior outcomes for their patients. 

In fact, men who work with Fountain TRT always say the same thing…

“I wish I made this decision 5 years ago!”

Yes, getting testosterone replacement therapy through Fountain TRT is THAT powerful. You will be shocked at how good you look and feel after taking your prescription testosterone medication for just 1-2 weeks!

So what are you waiting for?

Contact Fountain TRT today and book your 100% risk-free consultation with them!

References

• Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective. Asian J Androl. 2014 Mar-Apr;16(2):161-8. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122358. PMID: 24435052; PMCID: PMC3955324.

• Liu YJ, Shen XB, Yu N, Shang XJ, Gu YQ, Zuo LD, Xiong CL, Ye Z, Zhou YZ. Prevalence of late-onset hypogonadism among middle-aged and elderly males in China: results from a national survey. Asian J Androl. 2021 Mar-Apr;23(2):170-177. doi: 10.4103/aja.aja_59_20. PMID: 33154202; PMCID: PMC7991815.

• Braga PC, Pereira SC, Ribeiro JC, Sousa M, Monteiro MP, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Late-onset hypogonadism and lifestyle-related metabolic disorders. Andrology. 2020 Nov;8(6):1530-1538. doi: 10.1111/andr.12765. Epub 2020 Feb 16. PMID: 31991053.

• Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R. Low Testosterone in Adolescents & Young Adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 10;10:916. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00916. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 14;11:449. PMID: 32063884; PMCID: PMC6966696.

• Peterson MD, Belakovskiy A, McGrath R, Yarrow JF. Testosterone Deficiency, Weakness, and Multimorbidity in Men. Sci Rep. 2018 Apr 12;8(1):5897. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24347-6. PMID: 29651127; PMCID: PMC5897450.

• Saad, F., Röhrig, G., Haehling, S. von, & Traish, A. (2016, November 18). Testosterone deficiency and testosterone treatment in older men. Gerontology. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/452499 

• Bhasin S, Zhang A, Coviello A, Jasuja R, Ulloor J, Singh R, Vesper H, Vasan RS. The impact of assay quality and reference ranges on clinical decision making in the diagnosis of androgen disorders. Steroids. 2008 Dec 12;73(13):1311-7. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.07.003. Epub 2008 Jul 17. PMID: 18687348.

• Solberg HE, PetitClerc C. Approved recommendation (1988) on the theory of reference values. Part 3. Preparation of individuals and collection of specimens for the production of reference values. Clin Chim Acta. 1988 Oct 31;177(3):S3-11. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(88)90074-5. PMID: 3233768.

• Snyder PJ, Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Matsumoto AM, Stephens-Shields AJ, Cauley JA, Gill TM, Barrett-Connor E, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Ensrud KE, Lewis CE, Farrar JT, Cella D, Rosen RC, Pahor M, Crandall JP, Molitch ME, Cifelli D, Dougar D, Fluharty L, Resnick SM, Storer TW, Anton S, Basaria S, Diem SJ, Hou X, Mohler ER 3rd, Parsons JK, Wenger NK, Zeldow B, Landis JR, Ellenberg SS; Testosterone Trials Investigators. Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 18;374(7):611-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506119. PMID: 26886521; PMCID: PMC5209754.

• Basaria S, Harman SM, Travison TG, Hodis H, Tsitouras P, Budoff M, Pencina KM, Vita J, Dzekov C, Mazer NA, Coviello AD, Knapp PE, Hally K, Pinjic E, Yan M, Storer TW, Bhasin S. Effects of Testosterone Administration for 3 Years on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Older Men With Low or Low-Normal Testosterone Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Aug 11;314(6):570-81. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8881. PMID: 26262795.

• Testosterone, aging, and the mind. Harvard Health. (2008, January 1). Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/testosterone_aging_and_the_mind 

• Kim SH, Park JJ, Kim KH, Yang HJ, Kim DS, Lee CH, Jeon YS, Shim SR, Kim JH. Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy for treating metabolic disturbances in late-onset hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021 Sep;53(9):1733-1746. doi: 10.1007/s11255-021-02876-w. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PMID: 34089171.

• Kim SH, Park JJ, Kim KH, Yang HJ, Kim DS, Lee CH, Jeon YS, Shim SR, Kim JH. Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy for treating metabolic disturbances in late-onset hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021 Sep;53(9):1733-1746. doi: 10.1007/s11255-021-02876-w. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PMID: 34089171.

• Lunenfeld B, Mskhalaya G, Zitzmann M, Corona G, Arver S, Kalinchenko S, Tishova Y, Morgentaler A. Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of testosterone deficiency in men. Aging Male. 2021 Dec;24(1):119-138. doi: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1962840. PMID: 34396893.

• Varanoske AN, Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM. Effects of Testosterone on Serum Concentrations, Fat-free Mass, and Physical Performance by Population: A Meta-analysis. J Endocr Soc. 2020 Jul 3;4(9):bvaa090. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa090. PMID: 32864543; PMCID: PMC7444672.

• Traish A. Testosterone therapy in men with testosterone deficiency: Are we beyond the point of no return? Investig Clin Urol. 2016 Nov;57(6):384-400. doi: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.6.384. Epub 2016 Nov 7. Erratum in: Investig Clin Urol. 2017 Jan;58(1):77. PMID: 27847912; PMCID: PMC5109795.

• Bhasin S. Testosterone replacement in aging men: an evidence-based patient-centric perspective. J Clin Invest. 2021 Feb 15;131(4):e146607. doi: 10.1172/JCI146607. PMID: 33586676; PMCID: PMC7880314.

• Twitchell DK, Pastuszak AW, Khera M. Controversies in Testosterone Therapy. Sex Med Rev. 2021 Jan;9(1):149-159. doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.09.004. Epub 2020 Dec 9. PMID: 33309270.

• Dubin, J.M., Fantus, R.J. & Halpern, J.A. Testosterone replacement therapy in the era of telemedicine. Int J Impot Res 34, 663–668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-021-00498-5

• Borst SE, Mulligan T. Testosterone replacement therapy for older men. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(4):561-6. doi: 10.2147/cia.s1609. PMID: 18225456; PMCID: PMC2686341.

• Borst SE, Mulligan T. Testosterone replacement therapy for older men. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(4):561-6. doi: 10.2147/cia.s1609. PMID: 18225456; PMCID: PMC2686341.

• Albano GD, Amico F, Cocimano G, Liberto A, Maglietta F, Esposito M, Rosi GL, Di Nunno N, Salerno M, Montana A. Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Jan 19;9(1):97. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9010097. PMID: 33477800; PMCID: PMC7832337.