Best Free Reverse Phone Lookup Sites Of 2023

In a constantly connected world, unsolicited phone calls and unknown numbers can be both a nuisance and a potential security threat. The necessity to identify and verify callers has led to a surge in reverse phone lookup services.

We have compiled a comprehensive list of the best reverse phone lookup sites, offering advanced search capabilities, accurate results, and an exceptional user experience. Our carefully curated selection will empower you to unveil hidden caller details, track down long-lost acquaintances, and protect your privacy with unmatched sophistication.

These leading services utilize extensive databases and new technology to deliver accurate information, including names, addresses, and even social media profiles associated with phone numbers. By reviewing factors such as ease of use, data accuracy, privacy protection, and customer support, our expert analysis ensures that you have access to the most effective reverse phone lookup solutions available.

Let’s get into more detail about this!

Top Free Reverse Phone Number Lookup Sites

1. Instant Checkmate: Overall Best Reverse Phone Lookup Site
2. US Search: Best Reverse Phone Number Lookup Site For Background Checks
3. Intelius: Best For Identifying Spam Calls & Texts
4. TruthFinder: Recommended For Confidential Phone Number Lookup

#1. Instant Checkmate: Overall Best Reverse Phone Lookup Site

Brand Overview:

Instant Checkmate is a reputable public records search service, offering a wide range of search options such as people search, reverse phone lookup, criminal records, inmate search, and more. With an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau and over 70,000 5-star reviews, Instant Checkmate has earned the trust of millions of users. Its user-friendly interface and robust search features make it a preferred choice for background checks and reverse phone lookups.

Services offered by Instant Checkmate:

Instant Checkmate offers various services designed to help you access information on individuals quickly and easily. Some of the key services include:

• People Search: Discover valuable information about your family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers, including contact information, location data, and social media profiles.
• Reverse Phone Lookup: Identify unknown callers by searching phone numbers to unveil their name, address, and other relevant information.
• Criminal Records: Uncover criminal records, arrest records, and related court documents to ensure your safety and security.
• Inmate Search: Locate incarcerated individuals and their prison records to stay informed about their status.

What Information Can You Get?

With Instant Checkmate, you can obtain a wealth of information about any individual, such as:

• Contact information
• Location data
• Criminal records
• Phone numbers
• Social media profiles
• Death records
• Arrest records
• Court documents
• Real age and known aliases

Pros

• Comprehensive Data: Instant Checkmate sources information from a vast range of specialized databases, ensuring you get accurate and up-to-date data.
• User-friendly Interface: The platform’s easy-to-use interface allows for quick and efficient searches.
• Privacy Protection: Your searches remain confidential, with a 256-bit encrypted connection to safeguard your privacy.
• Exceptional Member Care: Instant Checkmate offers an accessible and responsive member care team to address any questions or concerns.
• Flexible Access: With Instant Checkmate, you can choose between a single report or unlimited searches, depending on your needs.
• Time-saving: The platform streamlines the search process, allowing you to access public records without visiting local county clerks or submitting written requests.
• Mobile App: Instant Checkmate has a mobile app for Android devices, enabling you to perform searches on the go.

Cons

• Limited Coverage: Instant Checkmate’s data is restricted to the United States, so you cannot perform international searches.

⇒ Visit the Official Website of Instant Checkmate

#2. US Search: Best Reverse Phone Number Lookup Site For Background Checks

Brand Overview

US Search is a trusted public records search company with over 25 years of experience in the industry. Launched in 1993, US Search has become a popular choice for finding addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses. The platform has been featured in various news sources, showcasing its reliability and transparency in providing public records search services.

Services offered by US Search:

US Search offers a range of services designed to help users find the information they need quickly and efficiently. Some of the key services include:

• People Search: Reconnect with long-lost friends, family members, or acquaintances by searching for their contact information.
• Reverse Phone Lookup: Identify unknown callers by searching their phone numbers to reveal their name, address, and other relevant details.
• Email Search: Locate email addresses of individuals to get in touch with them or verify their identity.

What Information Can You Get?

With US Search, you can access a wealth of information about any individual in the United States, such as:

• Contact information, including phone numbers and email addresses
• Residential addresses
• Social media profiles
• Background information

Pros

• Extensive Experience: US Search has over 25 years of experience in the public records search industry, ensuring reliable and accurate information.
• Positive Reviews: US Search has received numerous positive reviews from satisfied customers, demonstrating the platform’s reliability and effectiveness.
• Wide Range of Services: US Search offers a variety of services, including people search, reverse phone lookup, and email search, to cater to different user needs.
• Transparent and Informative Source: The platform provides transparent and accurate information, enabling users to make informed decisions.
• Dedicated Support: US Search offers responsive customer support through email and phone, ensuring that users can get assistance when needed.
• Nationwide Coverage: US Search provides access to public records across the United States, allowing users to search for individuals regardless of their

location.

Cons

• Subscription-Based: To access the full range of services offered by US Search, users must sign up for a subscription.
• FCRA Compliance Limitations: US Search cannot be used for purposes that require FCRA compliance, such as consumer credit, employment, insurance, or tenant screening.

⇒ Visit the Official Website of US Search

#3. Intelius: Best For Identifying Spam Calls & Texts

Brand Overview

Intelius is another amazing public records search company founded in 2003, offering a range of services designed to provide valuable information about individuals and their connections. With an A rating from the Better Business Bureau, Intelius demonstrates its commitment to transparency and trustworthiness. The platform enables users to access vital information about people, including contact details, background checks, criminal records, and more.

Services offered by Intelius:

Intelius offers a variety of services tailored to meet the diverse needs of its users, including:

• Reconnect with old friends, family members, or acquaintances by searching for their contact information.
• Identify unknown callers by searching their phone numbers to reveal their name, address, and other relevant details.
• Access comprehensive background information about individuals to make informed decisions.
• Search through publicly available records to obtain useful information about people.
• Find out about someone’s criminal history, including arrests, convictions, and other related records.
• Discover information about a property or its occupants by searching its address.

What Information Can You Get?

Intelius provides a wealth of information about individuals, including:

• Contact information, such as phone numbers and addresses
• Background information, including employment and education history
• Criminal records, such as arrests, convictions, and incarcerations
• Property records, including ownership and value data
• Social media profiles and online presence

Pros

• Great Services: Intelius offers a wide range of services, including people search, reverse phone lookup, background checks, and more, catering to various user requirements.
• Reliable Information: Intelius scours specialized data sources to provide accurate and up-to-date information that users can trust.
• Dedicated Customer Privacy: Intelius prioritizes user privacy, ensuring that searches are private, confidential, and not disclosed to the search subject.
• Responsive Customer Support: The company offers dedicated customer support through various channels, including phone and email, ensuring users receive assistance when needed.

• Positive Reputation: Intelius boasts an A rating from the Better Business Bureau, reflecting its commitment to transparency and customer satisfaction.

Cons

• Intelius’s data coverage is limited to the United States, making it unsuitable for international searches.
• Intelius is not a consumer reporting agency as defined by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and cannot be used for purposes requiring FCRA compliance, such as credit, employment, insurance, or tenant screening.

⇒ Visit the Official Website of Intelius

#4. Truthfinder: Recommended For Confidential Phone Number Lookup

Brand Overview

TruthFinder is one of the most popular and robust reverse phone lookup and public records search platforms that offers a wide array of information to users. Boasting a sophisticated interface and a strong focus on security and privacy, TruthFinder has garnered numerous positive reviews, earning an esteemed position within the industry.

Services offered by Truthfinder:

The platform delivers a comprehensive suite of services, encompassing reverse phone lookup, people search, background checks, reverse address lookup, public records search, reverse email lookup, username lookup, and dark web scans.

What Information can you get?

With TruthFinder, users gain access to an extensive variety of data, including contact information, location history, social media profiles, financial assets, dating websites, property records, graphic photos, court records, birth and death records, possible relatives, education history, and employment history. This wealth of information enables users to make informed decisions and stay safe in various situations.

Pros

• TruthFinder prides itself on providing users with a wide range of information, consolidating various data types into a single, user-friendly platform.
• The platform has been thoughtfully designed with user experience at its core, ensuring seamless navigation and efficient information retrieval.
• TruthFinder emphasizes the importance of security and privacy, employing industry-standard encryption, firewall technologies, and regular vulnerability assessments to protect user data and maintain its reputation as a secure online destination.
• With over 60,000 5-star reviews based on actual TruthFinder reports, the platform demonstrates its commitment to delivering reliable and valuable information to its users.
• All searches conducted on TruthFinder are private and confidential, ensuring that the search subject remains unaware of the inquiry.
• With an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau, TruthFinder showcases its commitment to transparency and earning users’ trust.

Cons

• As with any public records search platform, the information available on TruthFinder may not be 100% accurate, complete, or up to date. Users are advised to conduct their due diligence, particularly when concerned about a person’s criminal history.

⇒ Visit the Official Website of Truthfinder

What Is A Reverse Phone Lookup?

Have you ever been on the receiving end of a mysterious phone call, curious about who was trying to reach you, or stumbled upon a random phone number scribbled in your notes? In these scenarios, a reverse phone number lookup can be a lifesaver.

A reverse phone number lookup is a search process where you enter a phone number into a specialized search tool, which then scans millions of public records and online databases to provide you with available information related to that number. Essentially, it’s the reverse of a traditional phone directory where you’d look up someone’s name to find their phone number. With a reverse phone lookup, you begin with the phone number and uncover details about its owner.

Reverse phone number lookups can prove to be incredibly useful in various situations. Here are some of the key benefits and common use cases:

1. Identify unknown callers: One of the primary reasons people utilize reverse phone lookups is to identify unknown callers. Receiving calls from unfamiliar numbers can be both frustrating and unsettling. A reverse phone lookup can offer information about the caller, such as their name, address, and even their social media profiles in some instances, helping you decide whether to return the call or ignore it altogether.
2. Reconnect with old friends or family members: As time passes, it’s not uncommon to lose touch with friends and family members. A reverse phone lookup can assist you in reconnecting with people from your past by providing their current contact information, location, and other details that may be useful in reestablishing a relationship.
3. Verify the authenticity of businesses: With the increasing prevalence of scams and fraud, it’s crucial to ensure the legitimacy of businesses before engaging with them. A reverse phone lookup can aid you in confirming whether a business is genuine by providing their registered address, website, and other pertinent information.
4. Screen potential dates: In the realm of online dating, encountering fake profiles or individuals misrepresenting themselves is not uncommon. Using a reverse phone lookup can help you verify your potential date’s identity, ensuring they are who they claim to be and empowering you to make more informed decisions in your love life.
5. Locate a person’s address: If you need to send a letter, package, or visit someone but only have their phone number, a reverse phone lookup can help you find their address. This can be particularly helpful when attempting to surprise someone or needing to visit them urgently but being unable to reach them directly.
6. Identify and block spam calls: Telemarketing and spam calls are a universal annoyance. A reverse phone lookup can help you identify the source of these calls and block them, keeping your phone line free from unwanted disturbances.
7. Investigate suspicious numbers: If you suspect someone is harassing you or someone you know, a reverse phone lookup can offer vital information about the individual behind the phone number, enabling you to take appropriate action.

How We Ranked The Best Phone Lookup Sites?

To simplify your search, we’ve ranked the top phone number lookup services based on a variety of factors. We will now share our methodology and criteria for ranking these services to help you make an informed decision.

1. Database Size and Coverage: A phone number lookup service is only as good as its database. We considered the size and coverage of each service’s database, including the number of public records and online sources it accesses to provide accurate and up-to-date information. The larger and more comprehensive the database, the higher the likelihood of finding accurate information about a phone number.
2. Accuracy and Reliability: The primary goal of using a phone number lookup service is to obtain accurate information about the person or business associated with a phone number. We evaluated each service’s track record for providing accurate and reliable information, taking into account user reviews and feedback. Services with a reputation for high accuracy and reliability received higher rankings.
3. Ease of Use and Interface: A user-friendly interface and smooth navigation are crucial for a satisfying user experience. We assessed the ease of use and the design of each service’s website or app, ranking those with intuitive interfaces and user-friendly search features higher on our list.
4. Features and Functionality: While the primary function of a phone number lookup service is to provide information about the owner of a phone number, some services offer additional features that set them apart from their competitors. These features may include social media profile integration, spam call identification, free resources for conducting thorough background inquiries or the ability to perform background checks and . We gave higher rankings to services that offered added value through unique features and functionality.
5. Speed of Results: When using a phone number lookup service, obtaining results quickly is essential. We evaluated each service based on the speed with which they returned search results, favoring those that provided information efficiently and promptly.
6. Privacy and Security: Ensuring that your personal information is protected when using a phone number lookup service is crucial. We analyzed the privacy policies and security measures employed by each service to protect users’ data, ranking those with robust privacy protections and secure data handling practices higher on our list.
7. Customer Support: A responsive and helpful customer support team is vital for addressing any issues or concerns users may have while using a phone number lookup service. We examined each service’s customer support offerings, including the availability of support via phone, email, or live chat, as well as the quality of the help resources provided on their website. Services with exceptional customer support received higher rankings.
8. Pricing and Subscription Options: The cost of using a phone number lookup service can vary significantly, with some offering free services and others requiring paid subscriptions. We considered the pricing structure and subscription options for each service, taking into account any free trials, money-back guarantees, or discounts available. Services that provided excellent value for money and flexible subscription plans ranked higher on our list.
9. Mobile App Availability: With the increasing reliance on smartphones, having a mobile app for a phone number lookup service can be a significant advantage. We evaluated the availability of mobile apps for each service, considering both Android and iOS platforms. Services with user-friendly and feature-rich mobile apps received higher rankings.
10. User Reviews and Testimonials: We considered the experiences of real users who have tried and tested these phone number lookup services. We scoured the internet for user reviews and testimonials, taking note of common praises or complaints. Services with overwhelmingly positive reviews and a high level of customer satisfaction ranked higher on our list.

What Information Can You Find From A Phone Number Search?

Ever wondered what kind of information you can uncover from a simple phone number search? You’d be surprised at the wealth of details that can be revealed. Let’s explore the various types of information you can obtain from a phone number search and how it can be useful in different situations.

Owner’s Name

The name of the person or business associated with a phone number is a fundamental piece of information you can gather from a phone number search. This knowledge is particularly helpful in identifying unknown callers, whether they are potential scammers, telemarketers, or long-lost acquaintances. Knowing the caller’s name allows you to decide whether to return the call, block the number, or take further action based on your relationship with the individual or company.

Address

A phone number search can reveal the registered address linked to the phone number, providing you with valuable information about the person or business’s physical location. This insight can be useful in various situations, such as when you need to send mail, deliver a package, or visit someone in person. Knowing the address can help you confirm the authenticity of a business or determine the whereabouts of a long-lost friend or relative.

Location

In addition to the registered address, a phone number search can offer information about the general location of the person or business, such as the city or neighborhood. This information can help you determine if the call is local or long-distance, which can be useful when assessing the likelihood of the call being genuine. Furthermore, the location data can help verify the authenticity of a business or determine the whereabouts of an individual.

Carrier Information

By performing a phone number search, you can also determine the carrier or service provider associated with the number. Knowing the carrier can be useful for various reasons, such as understanding the reliability of the phone connection, estimating the cost of returning the call, or identifying potential issues with the service. Carrier information can be useful when contacting customer support to report issues related to the phone number in question.

Line Type

The type of phone line associated with the number, such as landline, mobile, or VoIP, is another piece of information you can obtain from a phone number search. This knowledge can help you gauge the likelihood of reaching someone and the preferred method of communication. For instance, if you know that a number is a mobile number, you may choose to send a text message instead of calling, as it might be more convenient for the recipient.

Email Address

In some cases, a phone number search may yield an email address associated with the person or business. This additional contact information can provide an alternative method of communication, particularly if you’re unable to reach the person by phone. Having an email address allows you to engage in written communication, which can be beneficial for record-keeping purposes or when dealing with complex or sensitive matters.

Social Media Profiles

Some phone number searches can reveal social media profiles linked to the person or business, offering you more insight into their interests, hobbies, and professional background. This information can help you verify someone’s identity, assess their credibility, or simply learn more about the individual or company. Social media profiles can serve as a means of communication, allowing you to connect with the person or business through various platforms.

Criminal Records

A phone number search can sometimes reveal criminal records associated with the person or business. This information can be vital in making informed decisions about who you choose to associate with, particularly when it comes to potential romantic partners or business associates.

Employment and Education History

Some phone number searches can also provide information about a person’s employment and education history. This information can be useful in verifying someone’s credentials or learning more about their professional background.

Property Records

In some instances, a phone number search can reveal property records associated with the person or business. This information can be helpful in determining a person’s assets or understanding the financial stability of a business.

When Is the Best Time To Use A Reverse Phone Lookup Site?

Let’s talk about the best times to use a reverse phone lookup.

1. When you receive a suspicious call or text

Have you ever received a call or text from an unknown number that just seemed… fishy? Maybe it was an automated message claiming you’ve won a fantastic prize, or perhaps someone was trying to sell you something that seemed too good to be true. In these cases, a reverse phone lookup can help you figure out who’s behind the call and whether it’s legitimate or not. If the number is linked to a known scammer or telemarketer, you can save yourself time and stress by avoiding further communication.

2. Missed calls from unknown numbers

Picture this: You’ve stepped away from your phone for a few minutes, only to return and find that you’ve missed a call from an unknown number. Is it an urgent call from a family member or friend? A potential job offer? Or just a random sales call? With a reverse phone lookup, you can quickly discover the caller’s identity and determine if it’s worth calling them back. No more worrying about missed opportunities or getting stuck in an unwanted conversation!

3. Online dating and meeting new people

In the age of online dating, it’s essential to protect yourself and ensure you’re not being catfished. If you’ve exchanged phone numbers with someone you’ve met online and want to verify their identity before meeting in person, a reverse phone lookup can come in handy. By checking their phone number, you can confirm that they are who they say they are and make sure they aren’t trying to deceive you. Remember, it’s always better to be safe than sorry!

4. Uncovering the identity of a prank caller

We all know how annoying prank calls can be. If you’ve been on the receiving end of one too many of these, it’s time to take action! Use a reverse phone lookup to identify the prankster and put an end to their antics. You’ll have the satisfaction of knowing who’s behind the call, and you might even be able to confront them about their behavior. Just be sure to handle the situation calmly and maturely – after all, two wrongs don’t make a right.

5. Reconnecting with old friends

Have you ever found an old phone number scribbled on a piece of paper or stored in an ancient contact list and wondered who it belonged to? A reverse phone lookup can help you solve the mystery and reconnect with long-lost friends or family members. Who knows, you might rekindle an old friendship or rediscover a cherished relative!

Now, let’s talk about when you might want to avoid using reverse phone lookup.

1. When you’re looking for someone who wants privacy

Remember that not everyone wants their personal information easily accessible. If someone has chosen to keep their phone number unlisted or has specifically asked for privacy, it’s best to respect their wishes and not use reverse phone lookup to track them down. Instead, try reaching out through other means, like mutual friends or social media, to see if they’re open to reconnecting. Always prioritize consent and respect people’s boundaries.

2. When your search is driven by jealousy or suspicion

It’s natural to feel curious or even jealous if you come across an unknown number on your partner’s phone. However, using a reverse phone lookup service to satisfy these feelings can lead to mistrust and damage your relationship. Instead of snooping, have an open and honest conversation with your partner about your concerns. Trust and communication are essential for a healthy relationship, and it’s better to address any issues directly rather than resorting to detective work.

3. When it’s for illegal or unethical purposes

Using a reverse phone lookup to stalk, harass, or intimidate someone is never okay. If you’re considering using the service for any illegal or unethical reasons, it’s essential to step back and evaluate your intentions. Engaging in such activities can lead to severe consequences for both you and the person you’re targeting, so it’s best to stay on the right side of the law.

Online vs.Offline Reverse Phone Lookup Services

Let’s explore the differences between online and offline reverse phone lookup services to help you decide which one suits your needs best.

• Accessibility and Convenience: One of the most significant differences between online and offline reverse phone lookup services is accessibility. Online services are readily available at your fingertips through your computer or smartphone. You can use free tools for reverse phone search at any time, from any location with internet access. In contrast, offline services, such as using a physical phone book or visiting a public records office, require more effort and are limited by location and operating hours.
• Speed and Efficiency: Online reverse phone lookup services are known for their speed and efficiency. In just a few seconds, you can input a phone number and receive relevant information. Offline methods, on the other hand, can be time-consuming. Flipping through a phone book or manually searching through public records can take hours, with no guarantee of finding the information you need.
• Database Size and Range: Online services typically have access to extensive databases that cover a wide range of phone numbers, including landlines, cell phones, and even international numbers. Offline methods, such as using a phone book, may be limited to local landline numbers and often don’t include cell phone numbers or international listings.
• Accuracy and Updates: Online reverse phone lookup services regularly update their databases to provide the most accurate information. They pull data from various sources, including public records, carrier databases, and even user contributions. Offline methods, like phone books, can quickly become outdated as people change their numbers or move. Public records offices may have more up-to-date information, but accessing and searching through them can be a hassle.
• Depth of Information: Online services often provide a wealth of information beyond just the name and location of the caller. They may include social media profiles, email addresses, and even criminal records, depending on the service. Offline methods generally offer less comprehensive information, usually limited to the name and address associated with the phone number.

FAQs About Reverse Phone Lookup Sites

Q1. Is reverse phone lookup free?

Many websites offer free reverse phone lookups, but the info you get can be limited. To access more detailed data, you might need to pay a fee or subscribe to a service. Paid services typically offer more accurate and up-to-date information, so weigh your options before diving in!

Q2. Can I do a reverse phone lookup on cell phones?

Absolutely! Reverse phone lookups work for both landlines and cell phones. In fact, most services have extensive databases that cover a wide range of carriers, making it easy to track down the person behind almost any number. Some services even dig up social media profiles and email addresses!

Q3. How accurate are reverse phone lookup services?

Accuracy can vary depending on the service you choose. Free options might offer basic info, but sometimes it’s outdated or incomplete. Paid services usually have better accuracy, as they access premium databases and constantly update their records. Always check reviews and do some research to find the best one for you.

Q4. Is using a reverse phone lookup legal?

Totally! Reverse phone lookups are legal and legit, as long as you use the info responsibly. Remember, it’s for personal use and shouldn’t be employed to stalk, harass, or invade someone’s privacy. Stay on the right side of the law and use this handy tool for good, not evil!

Q5. Can someone find out if I used a reverse phone lookup on their number?

No need to stress! Reverse phone lookup services are generally discreet, so the person you searched won’t know you’ve been snooping. Just be careful with the info you uncover, and you’ll be golden.

Q6. Can I remove my number from reverse phone lookup databases?

Many services offer the option to remove your personal info from their databases. The process might differ between providers, so check their websites for specific instructions. Keep in mind that you might have to request removal from multiple databases to cover all your bases.

Q7. How do I use a reverse phone lookup service?

Head to a reverse phone lookup website, type in the number you’re curious about, and hit “search.” The site will work its magic and display any available info connected to the number. If you’re using a paid service, you might need to create an account or enter payment info first. Easy-peasy!

Q8. Can I do a reverse phone lookup on international numbers?

Some services do offer international reverse phone lookups, but coverage varies depending on the provider and the country. You might need to try a few different services to find one that works for the specific number you’re after. Keep in mind that international lookups might cost more than domestic ones.

Q9. How do reverse phone lookup services get their information?

Reverse phone lookup services pull data from various sources, like public records, online databases, and even user contributions. Paid services often have access to premium databases and proprietary data, which helps them deliver more accurate and comprehensive results. The info is constantly updated to ensure you get the freshest details possible!

Further Readings:

• Background checking alternatives for comprehensive research

Which Are The Top Free Reverse Phone Lookup Sites?

Reverse phone lookups are your go-to tool for unveiling the mysteries behind unknown phone numbers. With so many options out there, finding the right service can be a bit of a challenge. But don’t worry, we’ve got your back! After extensive research, we’ve found that Instant Checkmate stands out as the top pick for its accuracy, extensive database, and user-friendly interface.

Instant Checkmate provides not only the caller’s name and location but also additional info like social media profiles, criminal records, and more. While it’s a paid service, the subscription fee is well worth the comprehensive data you receive. Plus, the platform is super easy to navigate, making it a breeze for anyone to use.

Of course, there are other noteworthy contenders like US Search and Intelius, which offer reliable reverse phone lookup services. However, Instant Checkmate’s commitment to constantly updating their records and providing more in-depth results gives it the edge.

Disclaimer: The following article provides information and recommendations regarding various reverse phone lookup platforms. Due to the dynamic nature of these platforms, their features, policies, and user experiences may have changed since the publishing of this article. Readers are advised to conduct their own research and refer to the respective platforms’ official websites for the most up-to-date information before making any decisions or investments.